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Pharmacy: Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy guide

Library/information resources for Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy students, faculty, staff, and preceptors.

Writing & Citing 

        

Need help writing a paper? 

Make an appointment with a writing coach.

NSU Write from the Start Writing and Communication Center

 

Not sure how to format your references?

Browse the AMA and APA guides for resources with citation examples and guidelines.

EndNote is a citation management software free to all NSU students, faculty, and staff.

 

Why use EndNote?

  • Import your references directly to EndNote from the library's databases.
  • Store and organize your references in EndNote.
  • Insert citation from EndNote into a Word document as you write (Cite While You Write)
  • Format your citations and bibliographies using a variety of citation styles.

How to cite AI

From the APA Blog: How to cite ChatGPT

  • If you’ve used ChatGPT or other AI tools in your research, explain how you used the tool in your Method section or in a similar section of your paper.
     
  • For literature reviews, essays, or response/reaction papers, describe how you used the tool in your introduction. Then, in your text, provide the prompt you used and then portions of the relevant text that was generated in response.
  • Credit the author of the algorithm with a reference list entry and the corresponding in-text citation.

  • Treat AI-generated content as the output of an algorithm, not "personal communication." ChatGPT dialogue is not retrievable by other readers and cannot be cited as personal communications because no one is communicating. Therefore, quote a ChatGPT chat session as algorithm output.

  • The author is the company or organization that created the AI.

  • Include the version and a descriptor (e.g., [Large language model]).

  • Provide a URL to the tool.

Examples of Citing ChatGPT in APA Style:

In-text Citation example:

  • When prompted with "Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?" the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, "the notation that people can be characterized as 'left-brained' or 'right-brained' is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth" (OpenAI, 2023)                                                                                                           

Reference example:

  • OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
No official AI guidance as of June 2025

JAMA believes ChatGPT and other generative AI Chatbot outputs do not qualify for authorship, so there is no standard of citation as any citation would require the artificial intelligence software to be listed as an author. Studies have shown it to be often erroneous, not up to date, unable to reliably cite evidence for its assertions, and lacking in critical judgment.

The best current practice is to treat AI output similar to software or web content, including author, title, version, date, and URL.

Section 14.5.2 of the AMA Manual of Style, 11th edition, covers the citation of Software and includes guidance on referencing AI. Nonproprietary descriptive terms should be used for AI tools in articles (e.g., chatbot instead of ChatGPT). After the first mention of an AI tool, you should include the brand name, version number, manufacturer, and date used in parentheses.

More detailed information on the JAMA stance toward AI Chatbots may be found in the paper:

Flanagin, A., Bibbins-Domingo, K., & Berkwits, M. (2023, Jan. 31). Nonhuman “authors” and implications
for the integrity of scientific publication and medical knowledge.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2801170

OpenAI. ChatGPT, version GPT-4. OpenAI; 2023. https://chat.openai.com. Accessed June 17, 2025.

Reference List Format:

Author (Company). Title of Tool, version. Publisher; Year. URL. Accessed [date].

Example:

OpenAI. ChatGPT, version GPT-4. OpenAI; 2023. https://chat.openai.com. Accessed June 17, 2025.

From the Chicago Manual of Style Website - How do I cite AI in Chicago style?

  • Credit ChatGPT and similar tools whenever you use the text that they generate in your own work by acknowledging the AI tool in your text, for example:

  • “The following recipe for pizza dough was generated by ChatGPT.”

Examples of citing ChatGPT in Chicago Manual Style:

Numbered footnote or endnote

  • 1. Text generated by ChatGPT, OpenAI, March 7, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/chat.
     

For Author-date format instead of notes, any information not in the text would be placed in a parenthetical text reference. 

  • “(ChatGPT, March 7, 2023).” 
     

Bibliography: (note- don’t cite ChatGPT in a bibliography or reference list unless you provide a publicly available link, for example, via a browser extension like ShareGPT or A.I. Archives)

  • OpenAI. Text generated by ChatGPT, Version GPT-3.5. Accessed May 24, 2023. https://chat.openai.com/ 

 

Note: As always, please defer to instructor guidelines when writing student papers.

From the MLA Website - How do I cite generative AI in MLA style?

  • Cite a generative AI tool whenever you paraphrase, quote, or add to your own work content (text, image, data, etc.) that was created by the tool.
     
  • Explain how you used the tool (for example, editing your prose or translating words) in a note, your text, or another appropriate location.
     
  • Be sure to check the secondary sources cited by the tool for accuracy.
Examples of Citing ChatGPT in MLA Style:

Paraphrased in Your Prose

  • While the green light in The Great Gatsby might be said to chiefly symbolize four main things: optimism, the unattainability of the American dream, greed, and covetousness ("Describe the symbolism"), arguably the most important--the one that ties all four themes together--is greed. 
     

Quoted in Your Prose

  • When asked to describe the symbolism of the green light in The Great Gatsby, ChatGPT provided a summary about optimism, the unattainability of the American dream, greed, and covetousness. However, when further prompted to cite the source on which that summary was based, it noted that it lacked “the ability to conduct research or cite sources independently” but that it could “provide a list of scholarly sources related to the symbolism of the green light in The Great Gatsby” (“In 200 words”).

Works-Cited-List Entry

  • “Describe the symbolism of the green light in the book The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald” prompt. ChatGPT, 13 Feb. version, OpenAI, 8 Mar. 2023, chat.openai.com/chat.

Note: As always, defer to instructor's guidelines when writing student papers.