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Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI)

                         Artificial Intelligence: A Brief History

In 1936 Alan Turing proposed a hypothetical universal computing device that is capable of computing anything that a human can compute. In 1943 Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts describe each neuron in the brain as a digital processor and the brain itself as a computing machine. In 1950 Alan Turing published Computing Machinery and Intelligence. In this paper, Turing addressed the question,
In 1952 Arthur Samuel added features to Strachey’s program that enabled the program to learn from experience. This is considered to be one of the first efforts in evolutionary computing. In 1954 Belmont Farley and Wesley Clark ran the first artificial neural network consisting of 128 neurons. In 1956 Dartmouth College hosted The Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, believed to be the birthplace of Artificial Intelligence as a field of study. In 1957 Frank Rosenblatt built the first computer based on a neural network that
In 1965 the first expert system was developed by Edward Feigenbaum and Joshua Lederberg of Stanford University. The program, called Dendral, was designed to analyze chemical compounds. In 1966 two early AI programs, Eliza (created by Joseph Weizenbaum ) and Parry (created by Kenneth Colby) simulated intelligent conversation, but relied on sets of preprogrammed responses. In 1969 Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert published a book that pointed out problems with neural networks and caused neural network research to fall out of favor until the 1980s. In 1970 Terry Winograd created SHRDLU, a natural language processing program. It interacted with users via the English language and allowed them to manipulate objects in a virtual block world.
In 1972 the Artificial Intelligence Center at the Stanford Research Initiative developed Shakey the Robot. The mobile robot system had sensors and a TV camera and could navigate independently in various realistic environments. In 1974 Sir James Lighthill’s report criticizing academic AI research claimed that researchers had overestimated the potential intelligence of machines. The report resulted in AI funding cuts.  In 1979 the American Association of Artificial Intelligence (now the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence) was founded. In 1980 the first expert system reached the commercial market. XCON assisted with the ordering of computer systems by picking components based on the customer’s needs.
In 1982 Japan launched the “Fifth Generation Computer Project” with the goal of making computers capable of human-like reasoning. It inspired global investments and encouraged AI development. In 1984 Marvin Minsky and Roger Schank coined the term, “AI winter,” to describe the period that began during the late 1970s. In 1986 German scientist Ernst Dickmanns invented the first self-driving car. In 1986, David Rumelhart, Geoffrey Hinton and Ronald Williams published a paper describing a backpropagation algorithm that could be used to train neural networks.
In 1988 Jabberwacky was an early chatbot that simulated human-like conversations for entertainment. Jabberwacky was not rule-based; it learned to generate natural dialogue by interacting with humans. In 1995 A.L.I.C.E. (Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity) was built using the foundation laid by ELIZA. Instead of using scripts, it used the internet to collect and process natural language data and engage in more advanced conversations. In 1996The chess-playing computer Deep Blue competed against the chess world champion. Deep Blue won one of six games the first year and won the entire match the second year. In 2000 Cynthia Breazeal created a robot named Kismet, equipped with cameras, microphones, and expressive facial features. It perceived and responded to human emotions and interacted with humans through emotional and social cues.
In 2009 Rajat Raina, Anand Madhavan and Andrew Ng published a paper arguing that graphics processing units (GPUs) can outperform traditional multi-core CPUs for deep learning tasks. In 2011IBM's Watson, a natural language computer designed to answer questions, competed on the game show Jeopardy! against two former champions and defeated them. In 2020 OpenAI introduced GPT-3, a sophisticated large language model. It could generate human-like text, converse with humans, and generate writing based on natural language prompts. In 2022 ChatGPT is released by OpenAI. ChatGPT is an AI Chatbot that uses natural language processing to interact with users and generate content.

References

Copeland, B. (2024). Alan Turing. In Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Turing

Coursera Staff. (2024). The history of AI: A timeline of artificial intelligence. Coursera. https://www.coursera.org/articles/history-of-ai

Electronic neural network, Mark 1 Perceptron [Record]. National Museum of American History. https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_334414

Mucci, T. (2024). The history of AI. IBM. https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/history-of-artificial-intelligence

Solomonoff, G. (2023). The meeting of the minds that launched AI: There’s more to this group photo from a 1956 AI workshop than you’d think. IEEE Spectrum. https://spectrum.ieee.org/dartmouth-ai-workshop

Striker. C. & Kavlakoglu, E. (2024). What is artificial intelligence (AI)? IBM. https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/artificial-intelligence

Tableau. (n.d.). What is the history of artificial intelligence (AI)? Salesforce, Inc. https://www.tableau.com/data-insights/ai/history

Zwass, V. (2024). Expert system. In Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/expert-system

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